OTTOMAN TURKEY SYRIA EGYPT TURKISH ORIGINAL MEDAL AKKA ACRE 1840 SILVERED BRONZE

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OTTOMAN TURKEY - SYRIA- EGYPT TURKISH MEDAL OF AKKA St. JEAN D'ACRE 1840 ORIGINAL MEDAL SILVERED BRONZE(COPPER) ORIGINAL RIBBON 29.74 mm 15.60 gr(whole medal) ARTICLE FROM WIKIPEDIA Background In the preceding decades, Muhammad Ali had expanded and strengthened his hold on Ottoman territory, beginning with Egypt where he acted as a viceroy for the Sultan. Called upon to assist the Ottomans in the Greek War of Independence , Muhammad Ali in return demanded parts of Ottoman Syria to be transferred to his personal rule. When the war ended and the Porte didn't live up to its promise, Muhammad Ali launched a military campaign against his Ottoman masters and easily took most of the Syrian lands. [edit ]Syrian War Extent of Muhammad Ali's rule in 1840 Main article: Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) In 1839, the Ottoman Empire attempted to retake Syria from Muhammad Ali but was defeated by his son, Ibrahim Pasha in the Battle of Nezib . Following this, a new war between Muhammad Ali and the Ottomans escalated, with the latter once again failing to wage it successfully. In June 1840, the entire Ottoman navy defected and the French planned to offer full support to Muhammad Ali's cause. [1] On the verge of total collapse and defeat to Muhammad Ali, an alliance of European powers comprising the United Kingdom , the Austrian Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire decided to intervene on behalf of the young Sultan Abdülmecid I . [edit ]Convention of London By the Convention of London , signed on 15 July 1840, these Great Powers offered Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Province of Acre (roughly what is now Israel ), provided that these territories would nominally remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that he withdrew his forces within ten days from the Syrian hinterland and the coastal regions of Mount Lebanon . The European powers agreed to use all possible means of persuasion to effect the agreement, but Muhammad Ali hesitated, believing in support from the Kingdom of France .[2] [edit ]French position The French under the newly formed cabinet of Prime Minister Adolphe Thiers sought to increase French influence in North Africa following the conquest of Algeria . For this, supporting Muhammad Ali's so far successful revolt seemed suitable. Counter Admiral Julien Pierre Anne Lalande was dispatched to the Mediterrenean to eventually join forces with the defected Ottoman fleet. [3] But France became politically isolated when the other Great Powers backed up the Sultan, and Thiers wasn't prepared to bring the country into open war with Britain. France switched sides and aligned against Muhammad Ali in October 1840. [edit ]Military campaign HMS Phoenix in the bombardment of Acre, 1840 In September 1840, the European powers eventually moved from diplomatic means to military action. When French support for Muhammad Ali failed to materialize, British and Austrian naval forces in the eastern Mediterranean moved against Syria and Alexandria. [4] Alexandria was the port where the defecting Ottoman fleet had withdrawn. After the Royal Navy and the Austrian Navy first blockaded the Nile delta coastline, they moved east to shell Sidon and Beirut on 11 September 1840. British and Austrian forces then attacked Acre . Following the bombardment of the city and the port on 3 November 1840 a small landing party of Austrian, British and Ottoman troops (which were led personally by the Austrian fleet commander, Archduke Friedrich ) took the citadel after Muhammad Ali's Egyptian garrison in Acre had fled. [edit ]Long term results After the surrender of Acre, Muhammad Ali finally accepted the terms of the Convention on 27 November 1840. He renounced his claims over Crete and the Hijaz and agreed to downsize his naval forces and his standing army to 18,000 men, provided that he and his descendants would enjoy hereditary rule over Egypt and Sudan — an unheard-of status for an Ottoman viceroy .[5] The firmans , subsequently issued by the sul... read more

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