April 26, 2024
1864 Civil War Issue US Indian Cent Copper Nickel Penny Tougher Date Old 1¢ Coin
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This lot is an 1864 Copper Nickel Indian Cent . It has seen commercial use. History from that year: * Louis Pasteur, a 42-year-old French chemist, discovered how to retard the spoilage of various unstable beverages--a process that was to be known as pasteurization. Just two years earlier, he had decided that microscopic organisms called bacteria were responsible for the souring of milk. Enduring the jeers of contemporary scientists, who insisted that a chemical reaction in the milk converted sugar to lactic acid, Pasteur persisted in his belief. Although he soon discovered that the number of bacteria in wine and beer could be reduced if the fermentation process was conducted under strictly sanitary conditions, enough bacteria still crept into the vats and barrels to shorten shelf life. He first experimented with a variety of antiseptics. All proved ineffective. Then, reluctantly, he tried heating the wine, despite fears that rising temperatures would alter its flavor and bouquet. This test proved that wine simmered for 30 minutes at 55 deg.C--in the absence of oxygen--would remain virtually free of organisms and still retain its quality. Applying this same principle of partial sterilization to vinegar, milk, beer, and a variety of other liquids, Pasteur gave the world pasteurization. And he did this quite literally. Pasteur, not
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